able information on relationships between size—expressed in terms of diameter and dry biomass—and hydraulic efficiency of woody structures at different scales, from stem segments to whole trees. Three data sets were constructed: the first described the relationship between segment diameter and hydraulic conductivity (kh; kg m s –1 MPa) in four species; the second, for the same four species, des...

there are several strategies for maintenance and repairing of devices in industry. however, they are still confronted with many uncertainties. a hydraulic lifting device after ten years of working in a technical center in isfahan is faced with uncertainty in terms of reliability. being able to know the reliability of pieces means predicting failure occurrences, which is accomplished by conditio...

Hydraulic jumps have immense practical utility in hydraulic engineering and allied fields, such as energy dissipater to dissipate the excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures (spillways and sluice gates), efficient operation of flow measurement flumes, chlorinating of wastewater, aeration of streams which are polluted by biodegradable wastes and many other cases. The le...