Abstract. There have been considerable efforts to understand the hydrography of Storfjorden (Svalbard). A recurring winter polynya with large sea ice production makes it an important region dense water formation at scale Arctic Ocean. In addition, this fjord is seasonally influenced by freshwater inputs from melt and surrounding islands Svalbard archipelago, which impacts hydrography. However, ...

In contrast to topographic laser scanning, hydrography must take into account the presence of two media. A pulsed beam, which enters water from air at an oblique angle, is refracted air-water boundary in direction plumb line. This change described by Snellius' law caused a slower speed light wave water, i.e., phase velocity. Light scattering turbidity gives rise further deviations straight path...

Abstract. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports heat and salt between the tropical Arctic oceans. interior of North subpolar gyre (SPG) is responsible for much water mass transformation in AMOC, export this to intensified boundary currents crucial projecting air–sea interaction onto strength AMOC. However, magnitude location exchange SPG remains unclear. We present a...