For every pair of nite connected graphs F and H, and every integer k, we construct a universal graph U with the following properties: 1. There is a homomorphism : U ! H, but no homomorphism from F to U . 2. For every graph G with maximal degree no more than k having a homomorphism h : G! H, but no homomorphism from F to G, there is a homomorphism : G! U , such that h = . Particularly, this solv...

The chromatic sum Σ(G) of a graph G is the smallest sum of colors among of proper coloring with the natural number. In this paper, we introduce a necessary condition for the existence of graph homomorphisms. Also, we present Σ(G) < χf (G)|G| for every graph G.

We consider the complexity of oriented homomorphism and two of its variants, namely strong oriented homomorphism and pushable homomorphism, for planar graphs with large girth. In each case, we consider the smallest target graph such that the corresponding homomorphism is NP-complete. These target graphs T4, T5, and T6 have 4, 5, and 6 vertices, respectively. For i ∈ {4, 5, 6} and for every g, w...

The theory of mixed hypergraph coloring was first introduced by Voloshin in 1993 and has been growing ever since. The proper coloring of a mixed hypergraph H = (X, C,D) is the coloring of the vertex set X so that no D-hyperedge is monochromatic and no C-hyperedge is polychromatic. A mixed hypergraph with hyperedges of type D, C or B is commonly known as a D, C, or B-hypergraph respectively wher...

Claude BERGE C.N.R.S., Paris The hypergraphs whose chromatic number is ~ 2 ("bicolorable" hypergraphs) were introduced by E.W. Miller [13] under the name of "set-systems with Property B". This concept appears in Number Theory (see [5], [10]). It is also useful for some problems in positional games and Operations Research (see [3], [4], [7]); different results have been found under the form of i...

Let Cn denote the 3-uniform hypergraph loose cycle, that is the hypergraph with vertices v1, . . . , vn and edges v1v2v3, v3v4v5, v5v6v7, . . . , vn−1vnv1. We prove that every red-blue colouring of the edges of the complete 3-uniform hypergraph with N vertices contains a monochromatic copy of Cn, where N is asymptotically equal to 5n/4. Moreover this result is (asymptotically) best possible.

We study relational structures (especially graphs and posets) which satisfy the analogue of homogeneity but for homomorphisms rather than isomorphisms. The picture is rather different. Our main results are partial characterisations of countable graphs and posets with this property; an analogue of Fraı̈ssé’s Theorem; and representations of monoids as endomorphism monoids of such structures. ∗This...

This paper introduces accumulation into list homomorphisms for systematic development of both efficient and correct parallel programs. New parallelizable recursive pattern called H-homomorphism is given, and transformations from sequential patterns in the H-form and Hform into (H-)homomorphism are shown. We illustrate the power of our formalization by developing a novel and general parallel pro...