Hyponatremia is a common and potentially serious complication of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). Since September 2009, we have implemented moderate water intake restriction (< 2500 mL/day) after TSS in an attempt to prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a combination of moderate restriction of water intake plus antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopres...

The relative efficacy and incidence of hypernatremia of a rice starch based low sodium (sodium of 60 mmol/L) oral electrolyte solution was compared to the standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS; sodium 90 mmol/L) in 60 infants with non choleragenic acute diarrhoea. Both solutions were found to be equally effective in correcting dehydration as determined by the respective post hydration wei...

The aim of this study is to point to the dangers of hypernatremia by exogenic intake of sodium chloride through ingesting excessive amounts of common salt or through aggressive correction of electrolytic disorders by using hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride, which may lead to heavy intoxication followed by metabolic encephalopathy (ME) and, very often, to a fatal outcome. Toxicity of commo...

BACKGROUND About 1% of patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) have hypernatremia, a condition associated with a mortality rate of 20 to 60%. Management recommendations originate from intensive care unit studies, in which patients and medical diseases differ from those in ED. METHODS We retrospectively studied clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of severely hypernatr...

BACKGROUND  Loop diuretics are commonly used in heart failure (HF) patients, but they are sometimes associated with insufficient response as well as adverse events. In such diuretics-resistant cases, tolvaptan, a vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist, shows the improvement of volume overload without electrolyte imbalance. Tolvaptan was launched in Japan in 2010, and a post-marketing surveillan...