Value Prior to Pulping (VPP) is a novel biorefining concept for pulp mills that includes hydrolysis extraction of hemicellulose wood sugars and acetic acid from pulpwood prior to pulping. The concept involves conversion of wood sugars via fermentation to fuel ethanol or other chemicals and the use of remaining solid wood material in the pulping process. This paper provides an overview of the me...

Research on abstract and/or hypothetical energy projects (e.g., nuclear, wind, solar energy) has shown that people favour support their core values, and disfavour threaten values. The question is to what extent consider the implications for values once become concrete, have real consequences, come backyard. In a community affected by earthquakes induced gas extraction, we studied relationships ...

The Logic of Proofs (LP) [2–5] is a refinement of modal logic introduced by Artemov in 1995 which has recently been proposed for explaining well-known paradoxes arising in the formalization of Epistemic Logic. Assertions of knowledge and belief are accompanied by justifications: the formula [[t]]A states that proof witness t is “reason” for knowing/believing A. Also, LP is capable of reflecting...

The paper first sketches out a reply to the underdetermination challenge and the incommensurability challenge that rebuts the sceptical conclusions of these challenges and that is sufficient to lay the ground for the project of a metaphysics of nature. That metaphysics is as hypothetical as are our scientific theories. The paper then explains how can one can argue for certain views in the metap...

Hájek (Erkenntnis 70(2):211–235, 2009) argues that probabilities cannot be the limits of relative frequencies in counterfactual infinite sequences. I argue for a different understanding these limits, drawing on Norton’s (Philos Sci 79(2):207–232, 2012) distinction between approximations (inexact descriptions target) and idealizations (separate models bear analogies to target). Then, adapt Hájek...

the karkheh dam reservoir with a capacity of more than 5 billion cubic meter is the largest dam in iran with both agricultural and drinking usages. its hydrodynamics and water quality were modeled and simulated to analyze the total maximum daily load (tmdl) of total dissolved solids (tds). the simulation was supported with measurements of temperature and tds measurements during two years. a lat...