BACKGROUND In view of the current economic crisis and the resulting austerity measures being implemented by governments across Europe, public expenditure for substance abuse treatment has increasingly become a subject of discussion. An EU cross-country comparison would allow an estimation of the total amount of public resources spent on substance abuse treatment, compare various substance abuse...

To determine HIV prevalence and place of exposure for illegal migrants in Italy, we tested 3,003 illegal adult migrants for HIV; 29 (0.97%) were HIV positive. Antibody avidity index results (indicators of time of infection) were available for 27 of those persons and showed that 6 (22.2%) presumably acquired their infection after migration.

While poverty and violence are not limited to one geographic region of the United States, unique demographic and geographic factors pose distinct problems in specific areas. In Escondido, CA, the city council linked poverty and crime to illegal immigration and proposed an ordinance forbidding landlords to rent to illegal immigrants. This article explores that case and examines implications for ...

We present a demo for PharmaGuard, a novel system for the automatic discovery of illegal online pharmacies. With its easy to use graphic user interface, a web application architectural approach and leveraging the powers of automatic knowledge discovery, PharmaGuard can assist law enforcement agencies in identifying, blacklisting and shuttingdown illegal pharmacies.

There have been researches into digital watermarking technology or Fingerprinting vigorously to safeguard 'Protective rights for knowledge and poverty' for digital contents. DRM, Digital Rights Management, is not only 'Protective rights for knowledge and poverty', but also management and systems that are necessary to put out, circulate and use for contents. This technology, DRM, encrypts conten...

As illegal e-waste trade has been significantly growing over the course of the last few years, the consequences on human health and the environment demand immediate action on the part of the global community. Though it is argued that e-waste flows from developed to developing countries, this subject seems to be more complex than that, with a variety of studies suggesting that income per capita ...

Major international law-enforcement initiatives are underway to fight the distribution of illegal pornography via the Internet. In this paper we examine the role of peerto-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks in illegal pornography distribution. First, we investigate the contention that these networks are especially implicated in illegal pornography distribution. Our finding is that this convention...

Current judging of race walking in international competitions relies on subjective human observation to detect illegal gait, which naturally has inherent problems. Incorrect judging decisions may devastate an athlete and possibly discredit the international governing body. The aim of this study was to determine whether an inertial sensor could improve accuracy, monitor every step the athlete ma...

Conservation organizations have increasingly raised concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trade in wildlife. Previous studies have concluded that people hunt illegally because they are financially poor or lack alternative livelihood strategies. However, there has been little attempt to develop a richer understanding of the motivations behind contemporary illegal wildlife huntin...