In today’s world, countries are increasingly interconnected and their interdependence is obviously growing. Migration has taken on a distinctly contemporary character as people move more frequently. The current global migration patterns not only have some beneficial effects nation states, but also poses new challenges to them. For example, developing losing talent. structure of international il...

Modern day computer graphics are capable of generating highly photorealistic images resulting in challenging legal situations. For example, as a result of a 2002 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, computer generated child pornography is protected speech, while pornographic photographs depicting an actual child remains illegal. The ability to distinguish between protected and illegal material assumes th...

Every classical or virtual knot is equivalent to the unknot via a sequence of extended Reidemeister moves and the so-called forbidden moves. The minimum number of forbidden moves necessary to unknot a given knot is an invariant we call the forbidden number. We relate the forbidden number to several known invariants, and calculate bounds for some classes of virtual knots.

Recent interest in the migration industry has produced no consensus on its boundaries. Some researchers limit the concept to travel-related business; others expand the scope to include additional immigration-supporting commercial businesses, legal and illegal. Using historical evidence, this article addresses treatment of the migration industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These t...

Three public opinion studies examined public attitudes toward prevalence reduction (PR; reducing the number of people engaging in an activity) and harm reduction (HR; reducing the harm associated with an activity) across a wide variety of domains. Studies 1 and 2 were telephone surveys of California adults’ views on PR and HR strategies for a wide range of risk domains (heroin, alcoholism, toba...

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is charged with the task of administering citizenship requests, providing for the proper documentation of temporary foreign workers, and apprehending illegal aliens. The apprehension of illegals, the most controversial duty of the INS, has placed the agency squarely in the headlines. The recent raid to seize Elian Gonzalez from his Miami relative...

African migration to Europe is commonly seen as a tidal wave of desperate people fleeing poverty and warfare at home trying to enter the elusive European El Dorado. Typical “solutions” proposed by politicians include increasing border controls or boosting African “stay‐at‐home” development. However, such apocalyptic views are based on fundamentally flawed assumptions on the (limited) magnitude,...

This work is an attempt to assist border security crackdown on illegal human immigration, by providing essential results on human chemical signatures. Data was obtained using a portable quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with a membrane probe for volunteers of both genders and under different conditions in a container simulator. During experiments, participants were asked to follow various pr...