The immunological synapse has been an area of very active scientific interest over the last decade. Surprisingly, much about the synapse remains unknown or is controversial. Here we review some of these current issues in the field: how the synapse is defined, its potential role in T-cell function, and our current understanding about how the synapse is formed.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyse associations between educational level and delayed HIV diagnosis (DD), late initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall and in subjects with timely HIV diagnosis, virological and immunological responses to cART, and mortality from HIV diagnosis and cART initiation. METHODS This was a multicentre cohort study of HIV-positive tre...

The clinical diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis (CCH) is generally verified by biopsy. It involves numerous and variable morphological findings, ranging from minimal to gross alterations in the gallbladder structure. Many surgeons have misused the term cholecystitis as a synonym for cholecystolithiasis. The controversial category of “minimal CCH” includes the presence of slight mononuclear infi...

human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a ubiquitous virus whose sole host is humans. since hcmv can contagion from person to person through numerous ways, vast populations of humans are infected. hcmv infections can potentially have a range from asymptomatic infection in immuno-competent hosts to life-threatening diseases in organ recipients and patients with aids. the present article reviews the occu...

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Its etiology not yet fully understood, but it thought to be related combination genetic, immunological and environmental factors. In this literature review article, several relevant scientific studies publications will analyzed provide an overview psoriasis treatment. Aspects such as epidemiology, the significance di...

OBJECTIVES (i) To study the clinical and immunological profile of HIV infected children attending the ART centre; (ii) To correlate CD4 count with clinical staging at diagnosis; and, iii) To study the clinical and immunological response to antiretroviral treatment. SETTING Antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres of two tertiary care hospitals of Delhi. PATIENTS 100 children attending the centr...

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease, which renders patients prone to recurrent severe infections in early childhood. Herein, we present a five-month-old boy with SCID who was referred to our center with recurrent diarrhea, respiratory infection and lymphadenopathy. Immunological studies showed hypogammaglobulinemia and low number of T-cells, which ...

Clinical, pathological, and immunological analysis of 20 patients with ocular adnexal lymphoid disease has demonstrated several parameters which are useful for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. Patients in the fourth or fifth decade of life presenting with an acute history of pain, oedema, epiphora, double vision, and ptosis, with a mass localised in the lacrimal gland area, are mor...

BACKGROUND Diagnosis of HIV infection is recently occurring with increasing frequency in middle-aged and in older individuals. As HAART became available, a minimal beneficial effect on immunological outcome in older in respect of younger subjects has been reported. In fact, both the intensity and the rapidity of the immunological response appeared to be reduced in elderly subjects. On the contr...