BACKGROUND High HIV burden countries have experienced a high burden of pleural TB in HIV-infected patients. OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pleural TB in HIV-infected patients. METHODS A literature search from 1950 to June 2011 in MEDLINE was conducted. RESULTS Two-hundred and ninety-nine studies were identified, of which 30 met the in...

Periodic outbreaks of human adenovirus infections can cause severe illness in people with no known predisposing conditions. The reasons for this increased viral pathogenicity are uncertain. Adenoviruses are constantly undergoing mutation during circulation in the human population, but related phenotypic changes of the viruses are rarely detected because of the infrequency of such outbreaks and ...

Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic progressive myelopathy characterized by bilateral pyramidal tract involvement with sphincteric disturbances. The primary neuropathological feature of HAM/TSP is chronic myelitis characterized by perivascular cuffing and parenchymal infiltration of lymphocytes. Although the exact ...

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic relapsing vasculitis that affects vessels of all types and sizes with a broad spectrum of phenotypic heterogeneity and complex immunopathogenesis. Efforts by the scientific community to resolve the unmet needs of BD and gaps in our knowledge have been hampered by considerable challenges that primarily relate to the rare nature of the disease in many parts of t...