The principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs) were developed to address the ethical dilemma that arises from use animals, without their consent, in procedures may harm them but are deemed necessary achieve a greater good. While aiming protect 3Rs underpinned by process-centered perspective which regards as instruments scientific apparatus. This paper explores applicability an an...

Although the aetiology of continued fever has engaged the attention of so many able inquirers during the last few years, it must still be regarded as unsettled, seeing that such various views are entertained on the subject by observers who may equally lay claim to ability and impartiality. The time has, I think, not yet arrived when we may venture to speak dogmatically on the causation of fever...

Fairness is a broad concept, covering a range of qualifications such as impartiality, courtesy, equity, sportsmanship, etc. Here, we focus on fairness in exchanging (electronic) goods, stipulating that none of the partners can take an undue advantage over the other. When is an interaction between two or more people called fair? Let us proceed with a few examples which reflect fairness as it is ...

When aggregating the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking. For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness condi...

As the contributions to this Symposium suggest, much could be done to improve arbitration, particularly the sort of “new” or “mass” arbitration that has sprouted during the past twenty-five years. Mass arbitration stems from the judiciary’s modern favorable attitude toward enforcement of arbitration clauses, even those imposed upon consumers, employees, small vendors, and debtors as part of a s...

Previous literature demonstrated that gender inequality is a major challenge for democratic consolidation. However, research studies the effect of on citizens’ satisfaction with democracy limited. This study contributes to this by exploring relationship between perceptions impartiality public institutions and in Turkey, where an acute problem. Analysis nationally representative survey showed pe...

This chapter traces changes in EU-official discourse around EU legitimacy since the 1950s, relating them to trajectory described by Pierre Rosanvallon Democratic Legitimacy (2011a). Accordingly, of modern democracies broke down 1980s owing a loss faith its two main foundations elections and bureaucracy. gave rise emergence alternative modes legitimation, classed under ideal types impartiality, ...