This paper evaluates the effect of smoking bans in public places on the exposure to tobacco smoke of non-smokers and contrasts it with the effect of excise taxes. Exploiting data on cotininea metabolite of nicotineas well as state and time variation in anti-smoking policies across US states, we show that smoking bans in public places can perversely increase the exposure of non-smokers to tobacc...

With full labor mobility, microcredit may finance production inputs that increase household labor demand and reduce migration. However, when migration is constrained by liquidity, access to credit may increase both migration and household business activity, yielding greater potential income gains. This study empirically examines the impacts of credit access on migration using data from a random...

The existing theoretical analysis of micro…nance focuses on the nature of the loan contract such as group liability. We draw attention to the role of missing or imperfect labor market in understanding some of the important ‘second generation’debates in micro…nance. Our analysis helps explain a number puzzles in micro…nance such as (i) high repayment rates with high interest rates, (ii) di¢ cult...

In most industrial embedded systems development projects, the software and the hardware development parts are separated, and the constraint requirements/capabilities are informally exchanged in the system development phase of the process. To prevent failures due to the violation of timing constraints, hardware components of the platform are typically over dimensioned for the capabilities needed...

Bu makalede müteşabih kavramı, sınırları açısından değerlendirilmektedir. Müteşabih kavramının terim anlamı, genellikle müteşabihleri sadece Allah’ın bileceği bağlamında ele alınır. sebeple müşkilü’l-kur’ân değerlendirilmesi gereken hususların kapsamında değerlendirilemeyeceği üzerinde durularak, bunların karineler ile çözülecek hususlar olduğu belirtilir. Hz. Peygamber’in Abdullah b. Abbas (öl...

In this study, the use of musical elements in recitations Qur'an is examined within framework concept “taghanni” light historical data, lexical information, and technical findings. The (reciting a melodious voice) expressed as an indispensable element Qur'anic recitation hadiths "He who does not recite with taghanni from us", “Allah never listens to anything he prophet beautiful voice chanting ...

We use a randomized experiment and a structural model to test whether monitoring and financial incentives can reduce teacher absence and increase learning in rural India. In treatment schools, teachers’ attendance was monitored daily using cameras, and their salaries were made a nonlinear function of attendance. Absenteeism by teachers fell by 21 percentage points relative to the control group,...

This paper examines the effects of alcohol prohibition on the consumption of alcohol and other addictive goods. Using a series of household expenditure surveys for India, it finds that alcohol prohibition had differential effects on alcohol consumption by alcohol type and sector. In particular prohibition reduced consumption of arrack, IMFL, and beer in both urban and rural sectors, although it...

Let G = (V,E) be a connected graph (or hypergraph) and let d(x, y) denote the distance between vertices x, y ∈ V (G). A subset W ⊆ V (G) is called a resolving set for G if for every pair of distinct vertices x, y ∈ V (G), there is w ∈ W such that d(x,w) 6= d(y, w). The minimum cardinality of a resolving set for G is called the metric dimension of G, denoted by β(G). In this paper we determine t...