Executive Summary This brief paper discusses the strengths of the patent system and its weaknesses in terms of creating incentives for innovation. It considers how Advanced Market Commitments (AMCs) may supplement the patent system, and introduces a Comprehensive Advance Market Commitment (CAMC) proposal. It shows how both AMCs and a CAMC could increase incentives for R&D into diseases of the p...

It is widely believed that the resilience of the stock market and its ability to accurately set prices are affected by credit conditions in the economy. A scarcity of deployable capital may cause market-makers to become financially constrained, leading to a breakdown in intermediation. This paper describes another channel by which the supply of available capital affects secondary market liquidi...

We show that the proportional response algorithm for computing an economic equilibrium in a Fisher market model can be interpreted as iteratively approximating the economy by one with Cobb-Douglas utilities, for which a closed-form equilibrium can be obtained. We also extend the method to allow elasticities of substitution at most one.

this article intends to examine some theoretical viewpoints related to share values and prices in the stock market. in this context, the role of di vid end policie s, as well as the corelation of pricing th eories and dividends in postulating the market prices are studied. furthermore, the effects of promotion sh ares in the market, and the role of price anticipations and expected trends in the...

abstract efficacy of encouraging and punishing policies of government in different markets is related to market power. study of market behavior is also important for efficient structuring of tools such as commodity exchanges and cooperatives. in this study, market power structure of pistachio domestic market in iran was investigated. sample was 343 pistachio producers and 252 pistachio traders ...

demand response (dr) has many beneficiaries in the electricity market. there are independent players who are interested in dr, which include: transmission system owners, distributors, retailers, and aggregators. in this paper dr is introduced as a tradable commodity that can be exchanged between dr buyers and sellers in a pool-based market which is called demand response exchange (drx). drx ope...

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the structure of the Iranian banking system and to measure the market power factor based on the Boone approach. In this paper, we investigated the Iranian organized money market, including 18 banks operating in the period of 2008-2015. To calculate the marginal cost (MC), we used a Translog Stochastic Frontier Cost Function. Findings based on the ...

â â â  â â â â â  the main purpose of present study is to analyze the relationship between stock and exchange markets in two asian countries, iran and south korea. a monthly time series of stock price and exchange rate are used over the period 2002: 05 - 2012: 03. the data is collected from the central bank of each country and wdi. the calculated stock return and real exchange rate change are u...

the impact of price changes (at a level of market) on the other market levels (transfer of prices) will affect welfare of producers, marketing agents as well as consumers. in this study, asymmetric tea market is investigated through an application of johansen co-integration analysis and error correction model (ecm model) to time series of 1976-2009. co integration method used in the import mark...

like other sciences, market segmentation, as a science, seeks to realize unique needs of human being. in health market, individual diagnostic and curative methods are practiced more than anytime. however, a foundation of this market, pharmaceutical market, is not as advanced as other products and services markets in terms of segmentation. regarding the complexity of pharmaceutical market, it is...