While the collection and monetization of user data has become a main source for funding “free” services like search engines, online social networks, news sites and blogs, neither privacy-enhancing technologies nor their regulations have kept up with user needs and privacy preferences. The aim of this chapter is to raise awareness of the actual state of the art of online privacy, especially in t...

Some philosophers have replied to Leibniz’s “shift” argument against the reality of absolute space by appealing to anti-haecceitist doctrines about possible worlds, influenced especially by David Lewis’s counterpart theory. But separated from Lewis’s distinctive views about what possible worlds are, it is difficult to understand what those doctrines really amount to, and why they are relevant t...

This paper describes Al-Bayan team participation in SemEval-2015 Task 3, Subtask A. Task 3 targets semantic solutions for answer selection in community question answering systems. We propose a knowledge-based solution for answer selection of Arabic questions, specialized for Islamic sciences. We build a Semantic Interpreter to evaluate the semantic similarity between Arabic question and answers...

The massive amount of digital information available in all disciplines has generated a critical need to organize and structure their content. Among the existing tools for languages such as English or French can easily be adapted to Arabic language. In some cases a simple configuration is sufficient while in other cases significant modifications must be made to obtain acceptable results. We pres...

the most accurate contracts may also be involved in ambiguity, and interpretation is trying to understand the legal concept. insurance contract are counted as accession contracts in which the insured has no thorough understanding of the terms. because of parties inequality in insurance contracts, they fall into a different category from the interpretation perspective and demand protective inter...