The relationship between a household's income and its carbon emissions is often summed up by number, the elasticity of footprint with respect to income. I survey here cross-sectional studies household footprints their estimation elasticities expenditures. difference these two comes from personal saving rate's increasing compile published estimates or energy requirements, compute new estimates. ...

There is a considerable body of literature that has studied whether or not an adequately designed tax swap, whereby an ecotax is levied and some other tax is reduced keeping government income constant, may achieve a so-called double dividend, that is, an increase in environmental quality and an increase in overall efficiency. Arguments in favor and against are abundant. Our position is that the...

differing consumption patterns among individuals along with relative commodity price changes has made inflation effects differ from one person to another. on the other hand, inflation continues to be a general phenomenon in iranian economy. the impacts of price changes on rural poverty have been hereby investigated. for this, market price fluctuations in rural areas of fars province during the ...

We define and statistically estimate a nonlinear relationship between individual effective income tax rates and economic income for United States tax return data for tax years 1979-89. The relationship, which we call the effective tax function, has three parameters and was theoretically derived from the theory of equal sacrifice by Young (1988, 1990) and more generally by Berliant and Gouveia (...

This study examines the relationship between healthcare expenditure and disposable income in the 50 US states over the period 1966-2009 using fractional integration and cointegration techniques. The degree of integration and nonlinearity of both series are found to vary considerably across states, whilst the fractional cointegration analysis suggests that a long-run relationship exists between ...

In the present paper, the effect of income elasticity on demand has been considered and the buyer’s optimal special order quantity and optimal time has been determined, when supplier reduces sale price then buyer may offer a discount to push his sale to increase his profit margin. Income elasticity effect in inventory analysis has been introduced to obtain the gain equation to find the optimal ...

Since Feldstein (1999), the most widely used method of calculating the excess burden of income taxation is to estimate the e¤ect of tax rates on reported taxable income. Feldstein’s taxable income formula for deadweight loss implicitly assumes that the marginal social cost of evasion and avoidance equals the tax rate. This paper argues that this condition is likely to be violated in practice fo...