in the present paper, we are to put forth a paradigm for the systematic study of modality in persian.with this end in view, we consider modality as a linguistic phenomenon that can be expressed at the level of sentence, at the level of constituents smaller than sentence and/or at the level of discourse. in such a system where sentential modality, sub-sentential modality and discourse modality a...

suhrawardi’s logic of the hikmat al-ishraq is basically modal. so to understand his modal logic one first has to know the non-modal part upon which his modal logic is built. in my previous paper ‘suhrawardi on syllogisms’(3) i discussed the former in detail. the present paper is an exposition of his treatment of modal syllogisms. on the basis of some reasonable existential presuppositions and a...

Higher-order theories of properties, relations, and propositions (PRPs) are known to be essentially incomplete relative to their standard notions of validity.2 There is, however, a first-order theory of PRPs that results when standard firstorder logic is supplemented with an operation of intensional abstraction. It turns out that this first-order theory of PRPs is provably complete with respect...

In the last decade, skyline queries have been extensively studied for different domains because of their wide applications in multi-criteria decision making and search space pruning. A skyline query returns all the interesting points in a multi-dimensional data set that are not dominated by any other point with respect to all dimensions. However, real world data sets are seldom complete, i.e. d...

In this paper we present a method of data decomposition to avoid the necessity of reasoning on data with missing attribute values. The original incomplete data is decomposed into data subsets without missing values. Next, methods for classifier induction are applied to such sets. Finally, a conflict resolving method is used to combine partial answers from classifiers to obtain final classificat...

In this note we attempt to trace the history and development of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) from its early inception in the late 1940’s through its use today. We see how the earlier stages of the Monte Carlo (MC, not MCMC) research have led to the algorithms currently in use. More importantly, we see how the development of this methodology has not only changed our solutions to problems, but...

Decision-makers are often met with situations where optimal decisions have to be made in the presence of missing information. To facilitate such work we propose application of Armstrong axioms. Key–Words: Decision support systems, uncertainty management, inference axioms