BACKGROUND The aim was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of difficult to manage dyskinesia associated with subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). A small subset of STN DBS patients experience troublesome dyskinesia despite optimal programming and medication adjustments. This group of patients has been referred to by some practitioners as brittle STN DBS-induced dys...

It is well known that long-term use of levodopa by patients with Parkinson's disease causes dyskinesia. Several methods have been proposed for the automatic, unsupervised detection and classification of levodopa induced dyskinesia. Recently, we have demonstrated that neural networks are highly successful to detect dyskinesia and to distinguish dyskinesia from voluntary movements. The aim of thi...

Oro-facial dyskinesia and purposeless trunk and limb movements were assessed, using a standard videotape rating technique, in 182 psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic medication, in a second sample of 43 elderly psychiatric patients also receiving antipsychotic drugs, and 85 normal, drug-naive subjects. In both the first patient sample and the group of normal subjects, oro-facial dyskin...

In the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rodent the location of the lesion produces significantly different behavioural phenotypes, responses to the dopamine precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) and neuropathology. Lesion extent is commonly determined by a series of motor tests, but whether any of these tests have a relationship to the development and predictability of dyskinesia i...

In patients with Parkinson's disease, the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA medication is gradually lost over time, and abnormal involuntary movements, dyskinesias, gradually emerge as a prominent side-effect in response to previously beneficial doses of the drug. Here we show that dyskinesia induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal do...

Thirty patients were examined to test the hypothesis that a depletion of iron levels is associated with symptoms of akathisia. Fifteen akathisic patients were pair-matched with 15 non-akathisic patients. Plasma ferritin levels were significantly decreased in the akathisic patients, and there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma iron levels and akathisia rating. In addition, akat...

Involuntary movements or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Dyskinesia is, ultimately, experienced by the vast majority of the patients. Despite the importance of this problem, little was known about the cause of dyskinesia, a situation that has dramatically evolved in the last few years with a focus upon the molecular and signaling ch...

Two psychiatric patients developed moderate or severe oro-facial dyskinesia, and limb dyskinesia, at a relatively young age and within a year of starting antipsychotic drug-treatment. This early appearance of tardive dyskinesia was preceded by akathisia that had developed at the beginning of drug therapy and persisted, despite the reduction of their drug doses to maintenance levels. The possibi...

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK Division of Services for Women and Ch...

Graft-induced dyskinesia (GID) is a serious complication induced by dopamine (DA) cell transplantation in parkinsonian patients. We have recently shown that DA D2 receptor blockade produces striking blockade of dyskinesia induced by amphetamine in grafted 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, a model of GID. This study was designed to investigate whether blockade of DA D1 receptors could produce similar outcom...