One of the major challenges facing the healthcare industry is how to personalize, or tailor healthcare products and services to individuals' unique genetic and biomarker make-ups. Biomarkers are characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated. They provide information about normal or patho-physiological processes to detect or define disease progression or to predict or quantify t...

Beyond its critical function in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has recently been found to play an important role in the modulation of the immune/inflammation system via regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the proliferation of proinflammatory cells, both of which are crucial for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Several studies have associated lower vitami...

Inflammatory processes have been shown to be involved in development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) involves in various cellular processes including autophagy, apoptosis and energy metabolism. Recently, studies have been shown an association between mTOR pathway and inflammation, supporting the role of the pathway in the pathogenesis of infla...

ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn's disease (cd) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with uncertain etiology thought to be triggered by interactions between various environmental, genetic and immunologic factors. incidence rate of cd and uc is different in various geographic areas around the world, between 0.1-11 and 0.5-24.5 per 100,000 people for cd and uc, respectively. recent studies in...

The mammalian immune system is continuously exposed to infectious microorganisms as well as innocuous substances in the environment. Depending on the genetic makeup, the innate and adaptive immune responses develop and determine the frequency and the course of infectious diseases. The immune response to an infection is initiated by molecular recognition of damage-associated patterns (DAMPs) by ...

Inflammatory liver diseases comprise the second most common cause of liver disease in cats. The two major forms of inflammatory liver disease described in North America are cholangiohepatitis (acute and chronic forms) and lymphocytic portal hepatitis. Signalment, clinical signs, clinical laboratory data, and ultrasonography can be used to establish a presumptive diagnosis of inflammatory liver ...

Variables influencing total direct medical costs in inflammatory bowel diseases include country, diagnosis (generally, patients with Crohn's disease generated higher costs compared with patients with ulcerative colitis), and year since diagnosis. In all studies the mean costs were higher than the median costs, which indicates that a relatively small group of the most severely ill patients signi...

1 Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea 2 Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 3 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East Ch...

A balanced diet with sufficient essential nutritional elements is critical for maintaining a healthy body.[...].

1 Centre of Molecular and Cellular Intervention, Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands 2 Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany 3 Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, 48147 Muenster, Germany 4Department of Science, University ...