Despite the high incidence of neuropathic and inflammatory pain worldwide, effective drugs with few side effects are currently unavailable for the treatment of chronic pain. Recently, researchers have proposed that inhibitors of purinergic chemical transmission, which plays a key role in the pathological pain response, may allow for targeted treatment of pathological neuropathic and inflammator...

Painful stimuli during neonatal stage may affect brain development and contribute to abnormal behaviors in adulthood. Very few specific therapies are available for this developmental disorder. A better understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of painful stimuli during the neonatal period is essential for the development of effective therapies. In this study, we examined brain reactions ...

objective:the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities ofthe methanolic extract of piper betle leaves (mpbl). materials and methods: mpbl was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model. analgesic activity of mpbl was evaluated by hot plate, writhing, and formalin tests. total phenolic and fla...

introduction: the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (lpgi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. the neurostreoid, 17β-estradiol found in the pgi nucleus and modulates nociception by binding to estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with nmda receptors. in this study, the role of nmda receptors in the 17β-estradiol-induced pain modulation was investigated by assess...