The development of GABAergic inhibitory circuits is shaped by neural activity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of GABA in regulating GABAergic innervation in the adolescent brain, when GABA is mainly known as an inhibitory transmitter. Conditional knockdown of the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme GAD67 in basket interneurons in adolescent visual co...

Opioid drugs act primarily on the opiate receptors; they also exert their effect on other innervations resulting in non-opioidergic behavioural deficits. Similarly, opioid neurobehavioural teratogenicity is attested in numerous behaviours and neural processes which hinder the research on the mechanisms involved. Therefore, in order to be able to ascertain the mechanism we have established an an...

54 lm thick sections will contain more continuous segments of innervation and vessels, long segments also occur parallel to the plane of sectioning within 14 lm thick sections. Many individual axons, which are typically very thin and varicose, penetrate and terminate among the DAPI labeled nuclei concentrated around the perimeters of the vessels. In both the thick and thin sections from control...

Neural circuit formation demands precise timing of innervation by different classes of axons. However, the mechanisms underlying such activity remain largely unknown. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), axons from the retina and visual cortex innervate thalamic relay neurons in a highly coordinated manner, with those from the cortex arriving well after those from retina. The differ...

Converging evidence indicates that white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based on immunohistochemical labeling of a SNS marker (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]), tract tracing of WAT sympathetic postganglionic innervation, pseudorabies virus (PRV) transneuronal labeling of WAT SNS outflow neurons, and functional evidence from denervation studies. Recently, W...

The thyroid hormones have profound effects on the development of neuromuscular system. These hormones exert their influence on both muscle fibers and related motoneurons during development. Masseter is one of the most important muscles for mastication in mammals. Thyroid hormone deficiency 3 weeks after birth, the period in which an alteration from sucking to biting occurs, could influence the ...

The thyroid hormones have profound effects on the development of neuromuscular system. These hormones exert their influence on both muscle fibers and related motoneurons during development. Masseter is one of the most important muscles for mastication in mammals. Thyroid hormone deficiency 3 weeks after birth, the period in which an alteration from sucking to biting occurs, could influence the ...

• The sympathetic innervation of the vascular tree consists of postganglionic fibers derived from the sympathetic ganglion cells in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the sympathetic trunks. In most vascular beds the blood vessels receive their innervation from postganglionic nerves which accompany the main arterial vessels supplying the bed. Information is sparse, however, regarding...

Functional maturation of GABAergic innervation in the developing visual cortex is regulated by neural activity and sensory inputs and in turn influences the critical period of ocular dominance plasticity. Here we show that polysialic acid (PSA), presented by the neural cell adhesion molecule, has a role in the maturation of GABAergic innervation and ocular dominance plasticity. Concentrations o...