Inorganic fouling is one of the critical operational issues in reverse osmosis membrane. Few researches investigated effects of membrane surface characteristics on inorganic fouling and on anti-scaling techniques although the fouling occurs on the membrane surface. The objective of this paper was to examine whether different characteristics of deposition of calcium carbonate solids would occur ...

Water injection is an enhanced oil recovery method which is applied for number of reservoirs especially in the offshore fields around the world. Sea-water injection process is usually associated with important concerns affecting the efficiency, safety, and economy of the operation like formation damage, mineral scaling, early breakthrough and corrosion. Incompatibility between injected and ...

For up to 18 yr we monitored salinity and the concentrations of nutrients, organic matter, plant pigments, and suspended particles in the Rhode River (a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay, USA) to examine long-term trends and relabonships to watershed discharges. There was no clear evldence of increasing eutrophlcation. Chlorophyll concentration did not show a long-term trend, although pheopigments i...

The effect of ocean acidification on the fatty acid composition of a natural plankton community in the Arctic was studied in a large-scale mesocosm experiment, carried out in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway) at 79°N. Nine mesocosms of ∼50 m3 each were exposed to 8 different pCO2 levels (from natural background conditions to ∼1420 μatm), yielding pH values (on the total scale) from ∼8.3 to 7.5. I...

Polymer based nanocomposites, in which inorganic nanoparticles are dispersed in organic polymer matrices, have attracted materials scientists’ attention owing to their unique properties, resulting from their nano-scale microstructure. Because of their large surface area, nanoparticles interact with the polymer matrix and carry a load effectively. The mechanical properties of these composites ca...

As we enter the era of bio-nanotechnology, nanomaterials are playing a new and important role in many biology-related applications and advanced nanodevices. In particular, those conjugated with biological moieties have enormous potential in biolabeling, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications. In fact, much progress has been achieved in the past ten years based on inorganic (e.g., CdSe, Au)...

Long-term addition of manure increases soil organic carbon (SOC), provides nutrient supply, enhances quality and crop yield (CY), but may also increase global warming potential (GWP). In this study, a long-term experiment was conducted to investigate impacts dairy inorganic fertilizer on the spatial distribution indicators in field scale. The initiated 2008 (seven years), includes three two tre...

Spin-Electronics (spintronics),is a relatively new field of research based on the utilization in electronic transport of the spin of the electrons in addition to their charge. Traditionally, inorganic metals, insulators and semiconductors have been used as the main components in spintronic devices. However, this situation is currently evolving and a new field called Organic Spintronics is rapid...