INTRODUCTION Recent regulatory pressures and certification requirements have heightened the need for payer organizations to abide by specific standards regarding medical management operations. Payer organizations that are making medical-necessity determinations regarding reimbursement for health care services, as well as risk-bearing provider groups to whom some of these functions have been del...

The empirical regularity known as Zipf’s law or the rank-size rule has motivated development of a theoretical literature to explain it. We examine the assumptions on consumer behavior, particularly about their inability to insure against the city-level productivity shocks, implicitly used in this literature. With either selfinsurance or insurance markets, and either an arbitrarily small cost of...

Firms insure themselves from liquidity shocks by contracting on credit lines banks. I document novel empirical evidence how the risk of contract nonperformance banks is priced. pay a higher price for loan commitments safer A one standard deviation increase in cross-sectional mean bank capital increases commitment fees 5%. To investigate potential causal effect lender stability fees, exploit exo...

distinguished between the appetitive system involving A promotion focus is concerned with advancement, approach and the defensive or aversive system involvgrowth, and accomplishment, whereas a prevention ing avoidance (e.g., Gray, 1982; Konorski, 1967; Lang, focus is concerned with security, safety, and responsi1995). Models in personality and social psychology have bility. We hypothesized that...

The auxiliary nRules of quantum mechanics developed in previous papers are applied to the problem of the location of material objects – both macroscopic and microscopic. All objects tend to expand in space due to the uncertainty in their momentum. The nRules are found to oppose this tendency in two important cases that insure the dependable localization of objects in ordinary human experience.

We present a new method for the synthesis-forinitializability of asynchronous state machines. Unlike existing approaches, our method incorporates a state assignment step. State assignment is critical, since initializability may be precluded by poor choice of state assignment. Also, we present precise conditions on hazard-free logic, to insure that the circuits are physically initializable.