What is epilepsy? a disease? a symptom? a syndrome? is it important to define it? Basing his study on an extensive bibliography, the author shows that epilepsy is not a disease. He emphasizes the significance of that definition and suggest a new approach in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

three subheadings including treatment, prevention and control and diagnosis methods got the most priorities, respectively. although about half of the priorities are related to two subheadings including treatment and diagnosis methods, research priorities of prevention and control methods (22% of all priorities) indicate the importance of prevention for clinicians who gave scores to the titles. ...

OBJECTIVE Optimal care in RA includes early use of DMARDs to prevent joint damage and hopefully decrease the need for costly surgical interventions. Our objective was to determine whether a reduced rate of orthopaedic surgery was evident for persons with RA who saw a rheumatologist early in the disease course. METHODS We studied persons who had a diagnosis of RA based on billing code data in ...

Note: Tumor staging is separated by TNM classification (International Classification of Diseases, ICD). TNM classifications for carcinomas of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and the ampulla of Vater. The histopathological classification of biliary tract carcinoma follows WHO classification: adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenoend...

This article describes the results of the WPA-WHO Global Survey of 4,887 psychiatrists in 44 countries regarding their use of diagnostic classification systems in clinical practice, and the desirable characteristics of a classification of mental disorders. The WHO will use these results to improve the clinical utility of the ICD classification of mental disorders through the current ICD-10 revi...

The two major classifications of mental disorders that are used internationally are the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health (DSM). The ICD covers the entire range of human diseases, but the DSM covers only mental disorders. This chapter reviews the history of thes...

Effective planning and evaluation of medical services is only possible if appropriate and reliable information is available. Diagnoses of patients seen are essential data. The epidemiological value of standard, reliable diagnostic data could also be considerable. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the only system currently available which provides a common basis of classifica...

Background Although the definition of multimorbidity as "the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases" is well established, its operationalization is not yet agreed. This study aims to provide a clinically driven comprehensive list of chronic conditions to be included when measuring multimorbidity. Methods Based on a consensus definition of chronic disease, all four-digit level c...

background: providing an appropriate background is essential for necessary changes and innovation in the higher education, the need to review the classification criteria and development of the type of native criteria and local standards which match the cultural and scientific requirements of the country. investigating the possible types of indicators to adjusted accurately and objectively is im...