Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) usually come with restrictions on the use of intermediate inputs in order for final goods to qualify for free trade. I focus on Rules of Origin (RoO), which limit expenses on nonmember country’s intermediate inputs. In a three-country FTA formation game, I introduce international trade in intermediate inputs and RoO restrictions. In the case of symmetric countries, ...

The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada the European Union (EU) has been hailed as trend-setter for third-generation trade agreements, which focus predominantly on beyond-the-border impediments to international (e.g., rules regulations) than at-the-border barriers tariffs). CETA formed basis subsequent EU are a key element of EU’s policy. It also provided inspiratio...

Globalization of trade, marketing and investment has important implications for public health, both negative and positive. This article considers the implications of the single package of World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements for public health research and policy, focusing on three themes: commodities, intellectual property rights, and health services. The main aims of the analysis are as f...

Does the ratification of an international environmental agreement (IEA) reduce a country's competitiveness on world markets? In this paper, we take gravity regression approach to answering question by using industry-level bilateral trade data and employing time-varying country fixed effects control for endogeneity treaty participation. Based sample >200 countries over 40 years, find that ratify...

If the costs of going back on previously agreed tari¤ reductions are high relative to the terms of trade gains, then the multilateral liberalization process becomes ‘perpetual’. Perpetual trade liberalization has two unique characteristics. (i) No ‘e¢cient’ tari¤ level exists at which liberalization stops. (ii) Some liberalization must occur in every period. International agreements and institu...

The paper focuses on regional trade agreements and economic co-operation and develops a new appropriate approach to study their impact on growth and trade. The approach is based on an endogenous trade-growth theory and novelly specified in an economic integration (expenditure) framework which is the conceptual foundation of regional trade agreements. Importantly, it also appropriately takes int...

The EU is in a prime position trade but faces an onslaught of challenges where weakened open trading order, recent shocks with impacts on the international economic system (the Covid-19 pandemic, Ukraine war, climate change), geopolitics and changing globalization patterns combine. This article (and special issue) takes stock what we have learned summarizes how policy copes new challenges. It b...