Voltage-controlled exchange bias training and tunability are introduced. Isothermal voltage pulses are used to reverse the antiferromagnetic order parameter of magnetoelectric Cr(2)O(3), and thus continuously tune the exchange bias of an adjacent CoPd film. Voltage-controlled exchange bias training is initialized by tuning the antiferromagnetic interface into a nonequilibrium state incommensura...

Introduction In epidemiologic research, it is essential to avoid bias, to control confounding and to undertake accurate replication. Bias, confounding and random variation/chance are the non-causal reasons for an association between an exposure and outcome. These major threats to internal validity of a study should always be considered as alternative explanations in the interpretation. Bias is ...

When observing point light walkers orthographically projected onto a frontoparallel plane, the direction in which they are walking is ambiguous. Nevertheless, observers more often perceive them as facing towards than away from them. This phenomenon known “facing-the-viewer bias” (FTV). Two interpretations of facing-the-viewer bias exist literature: top-down and bottom-up interpretation. Support...

This study provides a first test of an experimental method, the "space odyssey" paradigm, that was designed to manipulate interpretation bias in children. Seventy non-clinical children aged 8-12 years first completed a standardized anxiety questionnaire. Following this, they completed the space odyssey paradigm to induce either a negative or a positive interpretation bias. After this stage of i...