In Limulus ventral photoreceptors, illumination not only increases a specialized light-activated sodium conductance but also modulates voltage-dependent conductances. Previous work has demonstrated that the delayed rectifier current is reduced by light; we report here that the early voltage-dependent inward current is also reduced by light. Furthermore, by maintained during continuous depolariz...

We study the possibility that the mutual interactions between Jupiter and Saturn prevented Type II migration from driving these planets much closer to the Sun. Our work extends previous results by Masset and Snellgrove (2001), by exploring a wider set of initial conditions and disk parameters, and by using a new hydrodynamical code that properly describes for the global viscous evolution of the...

Cephalopods, such as sepia, squid, and octopus, show a well-developed and sophisticated control of balance particularly during prey capture and escape behaviors. There are two separate areas of sensory epithelium in cephalopod statocysts, a macula/statolith system, which detects linear accelerations (gravity), and a crista/cupula system, which detects rotational movements. The aim of this study...

Recent studies have shown that saccadic inward adaptation (i.e., the shortening of saccade amplitude) and saccadic outward adaptation (i.e., the lengthening of saccade amplitude) rely on partially different neuronal mechanisms. There is increasing evidence that these differences are based on differences at the target registration or planning stages since outward but not inward adaptation transf...

The configuration of the body resulting from inhalatory behavior is sometimes considered a factor of relevance to voice production in singing and speaking pedagogy and in clinical voice therapy. The present investigation compares two different inhalatory behaviors: (1) with a "paradoxical" inward movement of the abdominal wall, and (2) with an expansion of the abdominal wall, both with regard t...

Spike discharges of single olfactory receptor cells (ORCs) were recorded with the whole cell patch-clamp method applied to slice preparation. In parallel, activities of transduction channels were measured under the voltage-clamp condition. When cells were stimulated by odorants, 54 out of 306 cells exhibited inward current responses (10 mM cineole in the puffer pipette). The amplitude of the in...

Diverse structural and functional changes occur within blood vessels during hypertension. In relation to vascular structure, hypertension is generally associated with hypertrophy (increased cross-sectional area of the vessel wall) in aorta and other large arteries but inward remodeling (with or without increases in the cross-sectional area) in smaller resistance vessels. Inward vascular remodel...

For most people, becoming an effective leader is a lifelong effort that requires an enormous amount of work and commitment. Few individuals reach their full capacity as leaders but not because they lack in technical abilities. Becoming a world-class leader involves much more than becoming a more proficient manager or a better strategic thinker. Most fundamentally, the process is about a persona...