Adenosine and glutamate have been implicated as mediators involved in the self-administration of alcohol. In the present study we sought to determine whether adenosine receptors could interact with metabotropic glutamate receptors to regulate operant responding for alcohol and also the integration of the salience of alcohol-paired cues. Alcohol-preferring (iP) rats were trained to self-administ...

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) conveys neuronal input from the brain to the stomach. We investigated mechanisms through which urocortin 1 (UCN1) injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV, 300 pmol/rat) inhibits circulating ghrelin in rats. This was achieved by assessing (1) the induction of c-fos gene expression as a marker of neuronal activation in specific hypothalamic and caudal brainstem ...

Microinjection of neurotensin into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces a potent and naloxone-insensitive analgesic effect. To test the hypothesis that neurotensin induces the analgesic effect by activating the PAG-rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) descending antinociceptive pathway, PAG neurons that project to RVM (PAG-RVM) were identified by microinjecting DiI(C18), a retrograde t...

Melatonin can contribute to glucose homeostasis either by decreasing gluconeogenesis or by counteracting insulin resistance in distinct models of obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which melatonin controls glucose homeostasis is not completely understood. Male Wistar rats were administered an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of melatonin and one of following: an icv injectio...

The present research was designed to explore the anxiolytic-like activity of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (60) in experimental mouse models of anxiety. The anxiolytic activity of '6o' at (1 and 2 mg/kg, ip) was evaluated in mice by using a battery of behavioural tests of anxiety such as elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark aversion test, hole board (HB) and open field test (OFT) with diaze...

background: general concern is that the pregnancy rate is higher with gnrh-agonist as a protocol of pituitary suppression. gnrh-antagonist protocol provides a shorter period of administration and an easy flexible protocol. objective: in this study, the outcomes of gnrh agonist and antagonist in icsi cycles are compared in normo responder patients. materials and methods: in this randomized clini...

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor (IP(3)R)-dependent Ca(2+) signaling exerts positive inotropic, but also arrhythmogenic, effects on excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in the atrial myocardium. The role of IP(3)R-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release in ECC in the ventricular myocardium remains controversial. Here we investigated the role of this signaling pathway ...

introduction and aim: ip-10 molecule is a new biomarker to predict response to treatment in chronic hcv infection. also urine ip-10 has been suggested as a biomarker in other infections. but already, it has low data in urine as well as serum level of ip-10 for hcv infection. the aim of this study was to assess urine and serum level of ip-10 in patients with type 1 and 3a hcv infection. material...

To study interactions between DA and 5-HT neurochemical systems in the DA D1 supersensitized induction of oral activity in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats, the effects of a variety of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists were determined. At 3 days after birth rats were treated with desipramine HCl (20 mg/kg i.p., base form) 1 h before 6-OHDA HBr (100 micrograms, salt form, i...

Prostacyclin levels are increased in septic patients and several animal models of septic shock, and selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 improved cardiovascular dysfunction in rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we examine the specific role of prostacyclin and of the receptor for prostacyclin (IP) in the development of LPS-induced circulatory failure. Intravenous injection of ...