R enal transplantation in Iran dates back to 1967, when the first transplantation was carried out by Dr. Mohammad Sanadizadeh in Shiraz University, then one of the major and most advanced medical universities in Iran. During the next 12 years, the period prior to Islamic revolution, sporadic cases were transplanted, but despite the high expenses and cultural and language barrier, most of the 11...

during eight years of war, military commanders had the burden of planning and directing different operations on their shoulders. they witnessed many events and incidents and were aware of many important and less important issues of the war. in fact, they themselves are a part of iran-iraq war history. however, iranian commanders have not been so willingness to write about the history of this wa...

Abstract Existing research has pointed to the decreasing effect of revolutions and wars on income inequality. It is unclear whether this reduction result ongoing changes before or if results are standalone effects. In study, we focus case Iranian Revolution 1978–1979 subsequent Iran–Iraq war from 1980 1988. We use synthetic control method study revolution in inequality levels. Had there been no...

This exploratory, descriptive study investigates the experiences of Iranian war veterans living with chronic disease acquired as a result of chemical warfare. Sulphur mustard (SM) is considered one of the most important agents of chemical warfare and was widely used during the Iran-Iraq conflict in 1980-1988. There are approximately 100 000 Iranian SM casualties who suffer from serious long-ter...

Why do wars continue even when their original causes are resolved? I offer a rationalist explanation: wars end in a negotiated settlement only when wartime and peacetime balances of power are approximately equal. Since fighting tends to shift the wartime balance of power, war creates its own commitment problems which can preclude a peaceful settlement—even after its initial causes have become i...

Over 100,000 Iranian war veterans suffer from chronic effects of mustard gas exposure. Sulfur mustard was used by Iraq during the Iraqi-imposed war on Iran (between 1980 and 1988). The major complaints of these patients are mild interstitial fibrosis and bronchiolitis. We aimed to determine the state of fibrosis progression and assessed transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 levels in pulmonary...

Following the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, the trend of migration of physicians from the country continued. The total number of Iranian physicians migrated to the United States (US) increased from 1625 before revolution in 1974, to 5045 in 2010, thirty years post-revolution. The percentage of medical graduates migrating to the US, in the same period dropped from 15% to 5%. The reasons fo...

BACKGROUND The Iran-Iraq war during the 1980-1988 has left many consequences on veterans and their families that persist long after the war ended. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of psychological problems and marital adjustment of Iranian veterans on their children's quality of life and happiness 24 years after the war ended. PATIENTS AND METHODS The sample was a...