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OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The objectives are to compare and contrast the head and neck trauma experience in Iraq and Afghanistan and to identify trauma lessons learned that are applicable to civilian practice. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of one head and neck surgeon's operative experience in Iraq and Afghanistan was performed using operative logs and medical records. METHODS The surgeon...

eight years of sacred defense of iran against saddam hussein's baath regime has been studied from different perspectives. meanwhile, western analysts also have discussed this war from their own point of view which can be important and worthy in its own turn. now that many years have passed from the termination of iraq war against iran, reviewing and analyzing this war can expose many negle...

among patients with chronic unrelieved pain, war veterans of eight years long iraq - iran war deserve especial attention. they not only suffer from severe intractable pain but also should bear some intangible consequences of unrelieved pain and severe disability. this perspective study reviews the outcome of implantation of intrathecal opioid pumps in these patients. ten war veterans (mean age ...

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) may develop after a terrifying event involving physical injury or the threat of physical harm in war. eight years of war after iraq attacked iran (between 1980-1988) caused thousands of ptsd among iranian soldiers as well as civilians. many of those people are suffering several decades from this form of anxiety most now a complicated form of complex ptsd. y...

CONTEXT Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological changes following Iraq deployment. It is unknown whether these changes endure without subsequent war-zone exposure or chronic stress symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms with longer-term neuropsychological outco...

BACKGROUND In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq. The subsequent number, rates, and causes of mortality in Iraq resulting from the war remain unclear, despite intense international attention. Understanding mortality estimates from modern warfare, where the majority of casualties are civilian, is of critical importance for public health and protection afforded under international humanit...

The extent to which public health practitioners and researchers focus on health risks seems to be incongruous with the extent to which they pay attention to war and its atrocities on ordinary citizens throughout the world. Let us examine the war against Iraq waged by the United States, the United Kingdom, and their allies. What are the health consequences for the citizens of Iraq, Israel, Pales...

Data from two parallel household surveys conducted in Iraq by UNICEF in 1999 show that under-5 mortality declined steadily from 1974 to 1990, reaching about 63 per 1,000 live births in the period 1986-90. It then rose dramatically to 118 per 1,000 in 1991, the year of the Gulf War. The number of 'excess' under-5 deaths (i.e., the number in excess of the number predicted from past trends) in Ira...

This paper introduces the concept of rational countefactuals which is an idea of identifying a counterfactual from the factual (whether perceived or real) that maximizes the attainment of the desired consequent. In counterfactual thinking if we have a factual statement like: ‘Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and consequently George Bush declared war on Iraq‘ then its counterfactuals is: ‘If Saddam...