S troke is a major cause of death and long-term disability accompanied by steep social and medical costs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, lifelong, severe metabolic health problem characterized by hyperglycemia, attributable to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. Patients with DM suffer from massive vascular damage and rapidly develop microvascular and macrova...

BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of death in the world. In >80% of strokes, the initial acute phase of ischemic injury is due to the occlusion of a blood vessel resulting in severe focal hypoperfusion, excitotoxicity, and oxidative damage. Interferon-β (IFNβ), a cytokine with immunomodulatory properties, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing-remi...

Transient ischemic attack results in tolerance to a subsequent severe brain ischemic attack, which is known as brain ischemic tolerance (BIT). In other words, preconditioning intervention leads to ischemic tolerance. The preconditioning intervention methods include ischemia, oxidative stress, and drug resistance to oxidative phosphorylation. Because of safety considerations, these methods are o...

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is involved in the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and apoptosis, processes that contribute to ischemic brain injury. In this study, the induction of IRF-1 in response to cerebral ischemia and its role in ischemic brain injury were investigated. IRF-1 gene expression was markedly upregulated within 12 h of occlusion of the mid...