Based on micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-Raman), micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (m-XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and optical microscopy, this paper presents the results of our analytical studies on the early Islamic pigments used in the Masjid-i Jame of Fahraj, central Iran. Our investigations showed that ultramarine blue and haematite were used as blue and red pigments, respectively. Mor...

Abstract This study examines the physical features of traditional mosques in Quzzat (Bardrani) quarter Herat Old City, Afghanistan. Traditional are constructed with locally available materials and planned based on cultural climatic conditions. Mosques categorised as modern or traditional. divided into three subcategories: preserved, damaged (defaced), transformed. Transformed formerly reconstru...

For a Muslim society, mosque is very important as place for worshipping the god well social activities. Mosque has variety of functions including ensuring better understanding Islam in society and unity among local community, non-muslim community. Therefore, it any development to take into account sustainability aspect building which great impacts on social, environmental, economic factors. The...

Mosques are the most obvious materialization of Islam. They a clear sign its presence in particular territory, building where history and influence Islamic governments is reflected through their artistic elements architectural variants. However, they also essential for everyday life neighborhoods belong to, because inhabitants usually make use them daily prayers. Despite this importance, mosque...