It is an established opinion that young children have good probabilistic intuitions although their mental framework for reasoning probabilistically may be fragmentary and even contain inconsistencies. We join the camp of mathematics educators who advocate an early training in stochastic thinking. We recognize, however, that such early training can only be based on a heuristic approach to stocha...

It is hypothesized that Ca2+ stimulation of calmodulin (CaM)-activated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 or AC8) generates cAMP signals critical for late phase LTP (L-LTP) and long-term memory (LTM). However, mice lacking either AC1 or AC8 exhibit normal L-LTP and LTM. Here, we report that mice lacking both enzymes (DKO) do not exhibit L-LTP or LTM. To determine if these defects are due to a loss of cAMP ...

Rat pup odor preference learning follows pairing of bulbar beta-adrenoceptor activation with olfactory input. We hypothesize that NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated olfactory input to mitral cells is enhanced during training, such that increased calcium facilitates and shapes the critical cAMP pattern. Here, we demonstrate, in vitro, that olfactory nerve stimulation, at sniffing frequencies, paired...

OBJECTIVE We evaluated focused training in coronary artery anastomosis with a porcine heart model and portable task station. METHODS At "Boot Camp," 33 first-year cardiothoracic surgical residents participated in 4-hour coronary anastomosis sessions (6-7 attending surgeons per group of 8-9 residents). At beginning, midpoint, and session end, anastomosis components were assessed on a 3-point r...

PURPOSE Little research has been done on the physiological and performance effects of altitude training on team-sport athletes. Therefore, this study examined changes in 2000-m time-trial running performance (TT), hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), and intramuscular carnosine content of elite Australian Football (AF) players after a preseason altitude camp. METHODS Thirty elite AF players completed 19...

On sudden presentation of a danger stimulus, the crab Chasmagnathus elicits an escape response that habituates promptly and for a long period. We have previously reported that administration of a cAMP-permeable analog (CPT-cAMP) along with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX) improves long-term habituation (LTH). In present experiments we studied the effect of systemic administration of the pro...

Since the reconstruction of Joseph Schumpeter’s view of innovation as a driver of capitalist development and the subsequent formation of the national innovation systems (NIS) theory in the early 1990s that can be described as neo-Schumpeterian, there has been a continuous attempt to analyse innovation. However, much of this has positioned innovation as a value-neutral process. We argue that suc...

Organizational theory emphasizes how new organizational forms are produced by technological innovation but has glossed over the role of cultural innovation. This chapter suggests that social movements are important sources of cultural innovation and identifies the scope conditions under which social movements create new organizational forms. By doing so, it lends substance to the notion of inst...

Plant (and in two cases also invertebrate) remains were investigated from 24 contexts associated with two of the Roman >forts= at Cawthorn Camps, on the southern edge of the North York Moors, N. Yorkshire. Ancient plant remains were limited to small to moderate concentrations of charcoal and a very few other structures; all of the uncharred plant material and the few invertebrate remains encoun...