Primary Hypercalciuria (PH) is very frequently accompanied by some degrees of bone demineralization. The most frequent clinical condition in which this association has been studied is calcium nephrolithiasis. In these patients bone density has been reported to be very frequently low and increased susceptibility to fragility fractures has been described. One of the most important aspects is the ...

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a metabolic abnormality characterized by excessive calcium excretion in the urine with normal serum calcium levels and is a common risk factor for formation of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis. These patients benefit from a normal-calcium, reduced-animal protein, and low-salt diet, along with a thiazide diuretic.

Objective: To determine the frequency of various metabolic abnormalities in children with urinary lithiasis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute Urology, Rawalpindi, from 30 January 2017 to 1 February 2020. A total 1355 who were aged 4 14 years and had renal stones included, while those tract infections, posterior urethral valve, pelvi-ureteric junction o...

This article pursues two tasks. The first is to clarify the value and productivity of Williams’s Keywords: a vocabulary culture society (first edition 1976, second expanded 1983a) for project Cultural Studies. clarification helped, I argue, by reading it alongside Vološinov’s Marxism philosophy language (published in Russian 1929, translated into English 1973). related task speculative developm...