P olicy makers in housing sector seeks to use instruments by which they can control volatility of housing price and prevent high disturbances of the bubble and price shocks, or at least, reduce them. In the portfolio and speculation theories, it is emphasized that speculative demand for housing is the main cause of shocks and price volatilities in the sector. The theory of housing price bu...

Inflation, which has many costs to the economy, also extremely important on tax system and financial system. Inflation is known have an impact real income levels burden, as well influencing economic decisions. On other hand, practices of government play a role in formation cost inflation. In this framework, multifaceted nature relationship between inflation taxes for all components economy. our...

Chapter Outline Designing Broad-Based Taxes: The Economic Objectives 171 Ability to Pay: Theoretical Considerations 173 Two Preliminary Considerations 173 Horizontal Equity 174 From Horizontal Equity to the Ideal Tax Base 174 The Three Principles of Tax Design 174 People Bear the Tax Burden 174 Individuals Sacrifice Utility 174 The Ideal Tax Base as the Best Surrogate Measure of Utility 175 Hai...

Tax policies seen in developing countries are puzzling on many dimensions. To begin with, revenue/GDP is surprisingly small compared with that in developed economies. Taxes on labor income play a minor role. Taxes on consumption are important, but effective tax rates vary dramatically by firm, with many firms avoiding taxes entirely by operating through cash in the informal economy and others f...

in order to estimate the effects of the macrc~econornic indicators on the income distribution of iran, the time series data during the period of 1971-1991 were used. first the yammetric inequality indicators (the gini coefficients) were estimated for the years 1991-1972. the results show the lowest level of inequality in 1980 with g=0.42 and the highest level in 1982 with g=0.55. arzulysing the...

Abstract: “Was taxation so heavy in the Russian transition that firms could not stay afloat?” is the question that this paper aims to answer. It details the fiscal structure and uses data from a number of sources to calculate statutory tax rates faced by businesses in 1995. The results show that statutory rates were manageable in the short run but unsustainable for several sectors in the long r...