In the last decade, Iranian authorities have implemented a number of trade reforms and export stimulating policies. They have also tried to stabilise the dollar exchange rate and eliminate the black market premium. These policies have had little, if any, lasting favourable effect on non-oil exports. One conjecture may be based on the inconsistency of their monetary policy: as money supply is us...

As the world’s largest oil exporter, Saudi Arabia faces same pressures as any other government to expand its economy. Vision 2030 is reduce country’s reliance on exports and revenues. One of main goals increase share GDP that does not come from oil. Dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration used look at how goods than affect growth. The results dynamic ARDL simulation show the...

Abstract The paper seeks to assess the industry-based effect of exchange rate volatility on export non-oil sector in Nigeria. Theoretically and empirically, volatility-trade link is ambiguous. employed bound test for co-integration between exports products. Empirically, results show that we can accept hypothesis no industries most cases. Therefore, study concludes actually produce negative shor...

These reforms should theoretically result in reduced EU farm production, however, as the authors of papers in the Farm Policy Journal point out, this is unlikely to happen in the near future. Projections suggest EU farm production levels are likely to be maintained for most commodities and even increase for some, meaning that current EU trade barriers will remain in place, and the EU’s use of e...

East Asia is the manufacturing belt, garden, and kitchen of the world. It is also the woodlot and toilet. Many of the natural resources and materials that are required as inputs into the production of export commodities are extracted at low prices from the developing countries of the region. At the same time the region’s oceans, soils, and atmosphere are drains and dumps for waste and pollution.

in this article, real exchange rate behavior and its effects on macroeconomic variables are studied by explaining two models; impulse function and forecasting predicted error decomposition. studies show that high artificial currency value has caused domestic and foreign accounts equilibrium disturbance and foreign income decrease due to the slackening of commercial and agricultural activities, ...

The growth of fisheries' Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2019 increased from the previous year, with most it met through export activities, one which was shrimp commodities. One markets for Indonesian commodities is Japan. From 2010 to 2019, value Indonesia's commodity exports Japan fluctuated, so an analysis needed investigate how competitiveness 2010-2019 using Revealed Comparative Advantage ...

This study investigated the export-led growth hypothesis in Nigeria. The examined long-run and short-run equilibrium relationships between exports; imports economic over period. used Johansen co-integration technique, granger causality, vector error correction mechanism analysis of data. variables were found to have same order integration empirical evidence strongly suggested existence relation...

abstract oil export revenues have a major share in both iranian government incomes and gross domestic product (gdp). with regard to the importance of agricultural sector in economic growth, rural development and rural welfare improvement, this sector indubitably influenced by temporary and unexpected shocks in oil export. therefore we employed feder(1982) and auto-regressive distributed lag (ar...