This paper presents a general political economy model of standards. We use the model to derive political and social optima of nutrition and health standards in food markets, and to identify under which cases “understandardization” or “over-standardization” will result. The paper analyses the impact of trade and development on the political equilibrium as well as the role of the media and consum...

Watermark algorithm relies on informed coding which is the scheme of representing of watermark message with patterns that dependents on the host. It offers a large number of alternative vectors to represent the same message. And the feature is trade-off between the robustness and fidelity. The paper describes a modified trellis to embed our data, instead of complex trellis, to reduce the comput...

This paper is the final report of the EECS451 project. In this project, several audio enhancement methods are researched and implemented in MATLAB to reduce the noise in poorly recorded speech and reach a better signal-to-noise ratio. Improvement is applied to the basic spectral reduction algorithms. Issues of the trade off in this method and side effect included are also discussed. Keywords—Bu...

this paper surveys recent research on Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) design for Cognitive Radios (CR). Design challenges and requirements of CR are discussed and recent advances in topologies and design techniques are presented, compared and summarized. The classical trade-offs of linearity, gain, input impedance matching and noise are discussed herein with respect to the Wide Bandwidth requirement....

We develop a stochastic model of a simple protocol for the self-configuration of IP network interfaces. We describe the mean cost that incurs during a selfconfiguration phase and describe a trade-off between reliability and speed. We derive a cost function which we use to derive optimal parameters. We show that optimal cost and optimal reliability are qualities that cannot be achieved at the sa...

In the literature, methods for fitting superellipses to data tend to be computationally expensive due to the non-linear nature of the problem. This paper describes and tests several fitting techniques which provide different trade-offs between efficiency and accuracy. In addition, we describe various alternative error of fits (EOF) that can be applied by most superellipse fitting methods. keywo...

In this paper, we develop Ground Delay Program (GDP) models using continuum approximation. Both early GDP cancellations and GDP extensions are considered in the models. We then identify and define four performance criteria for GDP: capacity utilization, predictability, efficiency and equity. Using the proposed GDP models, we represent the trade-offs between the performance goals and relate thes...