In conversation, a person sometimes has to refer to an object that is not previously known to the other participant. We present a plan-based model of how agents collaborate on reference of this sort. In making a reference, an agent uses the most salient attributes of the referent. In understanding a reference, an agent determines his confidence in its adequacy as a means of identifying the refe...

In this report I will give proofs of some simple theorems concerning continued fractions that are known to the cognoscenti, but for which proofs in the literature seem to be missing, incomplete, or hard to locate. In particular, I will give two proofs of the following “folk theorem”: if θ is an irrational number whose continued fraction has bounded partial quotients, then any non-trivial linear...

the critics and the literary figures believe that abu al atahiyeh (213 or 209-230) is the leading poet of arabic ascetic poetry, and this poetry is embossed on the temple of arabic ascetic poetry. his innovation and creativity on ascetic poetry have made the researchers draw various interpretations. some believe that he has been inspired by hassan basri, and some claim that he has cherished the...

Most viruses in the genus Flavivirus are horizontally transmitted between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but some are maintained in arthropod- or vertebrate-restricted transmission cycles. Flaviviruses maintained by vertebrate-only transmission are commonly referred to as no known vector (NKV) flaviviruses. Fourteen species and two subtypes of NKV flaviviruses are recognized by ...

Moonlighting proteins comprise a class of multifunctional proteins in which a single polypeptide chain performs multiple biochemical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple RNA splice variants or pleiotropic effects. The known moonlighting proteins perform a variety of diverse functions in many different cell types and species, and information about their structures and functions i...

al-jawahiri, one of the most illustrious contemporary classical poets of iraq, was born in the holy city of najaf to a cultured, scholarly, and cultivated family. the scientific and cultural environment of najaf, the literary and scientific richness of his familial atmosphere, and al-jawahiri’s poetic taste and talent caused him to turn to his predecessor poets’ works, especially the ones from ...

human perfectibility may be regarded as a point in which the most dominant religions of the world meet one another. it, therefore, can be chosen as a start point for religions when taking part in dialogue. there can be found different names for human perfection and perfect man in well-known religions of the east and the west. buddha`s name for perfect man is arhat and free man, confucius` is ta...

the treatise entitled “arithmetic in astronomy”, which is edited and commented upon in this paper, is part of an old manuscript collection preserved in the national library of bosnia and herzegovina. at the end of this treatise there are some phrases in arabic which show that the treatise was originally part of a persian book written by ʿalī al-qūshchī. this manuscript is, in fact, an abridged ...

In recent years, numerous approaches have been utilized for finding the exact solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations. One such method is known as the new extended (G'/G)-expansion method and was proposed by Roshid et al. In this paper, we apply this method and achieve exact solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs), namely the Benjamin-Ono equation. It is est...