A method is described with which immittance data can be tested for Kronig-Kramers compliance. In contrast with other procedures, this method is l inear in nature and is based on a predetermined set of relaxation times. The model contains as many parameters (or less) as there are data sets. Three modes of operation are described, the first two are based on a linear fit of the model function to t...

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum diagnosis is a fundamental building block for diverse OAM-based systems. Among others, the simple on-axis interferometric measurement can retrieve amplitude and phase information of complex OAM spectra in few shots. Yet, its single-shot retrieval remains elusive, due to signal–signal beat interference inherent measurement. Here, we introduce concept Krame...

We have demonstrated a new quantitative method to characterize two-dimensional distributions of energy-dependent dielectric function of materials from low loss electron spectroscopic image (ESI) series. Two problems associated with extracted image-spectrum from the low-loss image series, under-sampling and loss of energy resolution, were overcome by using fast Fourier transformation (FFT) inter...

Manganese oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates by electron gun evaporation method under ultra-high vacuum condition. Thickness of the layers was measured 60 and 120 nm, a quartz crystal method. Deposition conditions such as deposition rate, pressure, incidence angle substrate temperature same for all layers. After producing pure manganese post-annealing used in presence uniform o...