Earthquake has always endangered cities. This article mainly focuses on the question “whether seismic damages could be diminished through the presentation a preventive operational pattern dealing with physical and nonphysical features of civil defense”. Tehran, the most populous metropolis among Iranian cities is to the south of Alborz mountain range, located on potentially dangerous fault- lin...

Tenure reform began in 1988 with the establishment of a committee under the Ministry of Agriculture to look into ways to increase security of tenure and to make land more freely available for investment. Research into tenure systems was conducted with the support of USAID and the Wisconsin Land Tenure Center. Inevitably, the direction and scope of identified tenure change needed altered and exp...

a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia b Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria c Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Climate Change Research Centre, University of ...

Sub-Saharan Africa consists of 43 countries south of the Sahara (Figure 1). This area spans latitudes 13°N to 33°S with an average annual daytime temperature of 21 °C. The UV Index is often higher than 10 (extreme) and rarely drops below 7, except at high altitudes and towards the tip of South Africa in the winter months (June, July and August). The land varies from equatorial rainforest to dry...

M. L. Laanen [email protected] Institute for Environmental Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Current address: Water Insight BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands S. W. M. Peters Institute for Environmental Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands A. G. Dekker CS...

1. Japan is an island with approximately 70% of land covered by mountain forests and where arable space is limited. Fishing communities are located in all coastal areas nationwide. Food resources from the ocean have historically played a significant role in the Japanese diet. Even today, around 40% of protein consumed by Japanese people comes from sea food. 2 Ensuring the long-term sustainabili...

A simple method that incorporates coupling between bath and system and between individual bath modes is proposed. In Ž . the new locally propagating gaussian LPG approximation, the bath is modeled by Gaussians at each system site that propagate in time. Each site couples to others by the overlap of their Gaussians. In a test case with weak but non-negligible coupling, LPG is nearly as rapid as ...