Language is a social factor connecting people together.  There are different speech styles among individuals, this difference is due to the situation and the context they are in. The purpose of this paper is to study speech style of Qazvin’s women in different situations. The authors have sought to find answers to the following questions:  What is the relationship between speech style and age a...

One of the problems in spoken language translation is the enormous variety o f expressions not found in text translation. This volume can lead to a sparse translation coverage. In order to tackle this problem, we take the practical approach of untangling slight variations in the source language before transferring a source expression to its target. We therefore discuss how eective paraphrasing ...

The purpose of the present paper is to show that: Eilenberg–type correspondences = Birkhoff’s theorem for (finite) algebras + duality. We consider algebras for a monad T on a category D and we study (pseudo)varieties of T– algebras. Pseudovarieties of algebras are also known in the literature as varieties of finitealgebras. Two well–known theorems that characterize varieties and pseudovarie...

We show that the class of locally finite varieties omitting type 1 has the following properties. This class (1) is definable by an idempotent, linear, strong Mal’cev condition in a language with one 4-ary function symbol. (2) is not definable by an idempotent, linear, strong Mal’cev condition in a language with only one function symbol of arity strictly less than 4. (3) is definable by an idemp...

This paper investigates the application of text classification methods to investigate diatopic variation in Portuguese journalistic texts. We compare the language used in Portuguese newspapers written in Brazil, Macau, and Portugal under the assumption that the more similar language varieties are, the more difficult it is for algorithms to discriminate between them. We present two sets of exper...

English Language Teaching (ELT) is a major international enterprise. This theoretical paper suggests that a number of ideological assumptions underpin some aspects of its curricular and pedagogic thinking. Specifically we will look at (a) the ways in which ownership and use of a language has been built around the idea of a homogeneous community or nation with shared and unchanging social values...

0. Introduction Dutch is a language spoken by about 20 million people in The Netherlands and Belgium. This region is not only characterised by a complex dialect situation, but also by the use of two institutionalised varieties of the Standard language: the Southern variety is spoken in Flanders or the northern part of Belgium, while the Northern variety is confined to The Netherlands. Apart fro...

In the present paper, corpus linguistics becomes a valuable methodological tool for cross-linguistic research on speech and prosody. The inherent complexity of speech analysis and prosodic annotation increases when the object of study is a longitudinal computerized corpus of native and nonnative varieties of English. The lack of generally accepted prosodic transcription systems adds further dif...

Based on different concepts to obtain a finer notion of language recognition via finite monoids we develop an algebraic structure called typed monoid. This leads to an algebraic description of regular and non regular languages. We obtain for each language a unique minimal recognizing typed monoid, the typed syntactic monoid. We prove an Eilenberg-like theorem for varieties of typed monoids as w...

This study addressed the development of and the relationship between foundational metalinguistic skills and word reading skills in Arabic. It compared Arabic-speaking children’s phonological awareness (PA), morphological awareness, and voweled and unvoweled word reading skills in spoken and standard language varieties separately in children across five grade levels from childhood to adolescence...