objectives : this study sought to assess the effect of low-level laser (lll) on pain and trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. materials and methods : this double blind controlled clinical trial was conducted on 40 healthy patients with no underlying disease and impacted mesioangular mandibular third molars with the same level of difficulty. the patients were divided into two g...

Debates about poverty relief and foreign aid often hinge on claims about how many poor people there are in the world and what constitutes poverty. Good measures of poverty are essential for addressing the world poverty problem. Measures of poverty require a basis for determining who is poor and a method of aggregation. Historically, the methods of aggregation were quite simple. The headcount in...

Measuring a quantum system can randomly perturb its state. The strength and nature of this back-action depends on the quantity which is measured. In a partial measurement performed by an ideal apparatus, quantum physics predicts that the system remains in a pure state whose evolution can be tracked perfectly from the measurement record. We demonstrate this property using a superconducting qubit...

Sliding mode is used in order to retain a dynamic system accurately at a given constraint and features theoretically-in nite-frequency switching. Standard sliding modes are known to feature nite time convergence, precise keeping of the constraint and robustness with respect to internal and external disturbances. Having generalized the notion of sliding mode, higher order sliding modes preserve ...

What is a latent variable? • A variable that is not observable or is not directly measurable. • A variable that is measured with error or can only be measured with error. • A latent variable can be used to represent a 'true' variable which is measured with error, OR a single conceptual variable, OR a construct which is a summarization of a complex concept. Examples of 'true' variables that are ...

PURPOSE Posterior lamellar grafting of the cornea has become the preferred technique for treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction. Posterior lamellar grafts are usually cut by a micro-keratome or a femto-second laser after the epithelial side of the donor cornea has been applanated. This approach often results in variable central graft thickness in different grafts and an increase in graft ...

Measurement error data or errors-in-variable data are often collected in many studies. Natural criterion functions are often unavailable for general functional measurement error models due to the lack of information on the distribution of the unobservable covariates. Typically, the parameter estimation is via solving estimating equations. In addition, the construction of such estimating equatio...