Tim Stockwell raises the question ‘...what exactly is the risk or the problem we are aiming to prevent – is it drug use? Is it risky drug use? Or is it harm?". He suggests that we should not focus solely on prevention of drug use, but incorporate the many opportunities for harm reduction in law enforcement, education and other arenas for prevention work. He suggests that the main yardsticks for...

For some critical applications such as the law enforcement, medical and military image system, it is crucial to restore the original image without any distortions. The watermarking techniques satisfying those requirements are referred to as ‘reversible watermarking’. Reversible watermarking is designed so that it can be removed to completely restore the original image. Considering the age of re...

The very existence and purpose of street gangs is predicated on having an external threat or enemy. It is also recognized that gangs form allies as well as rivals with other gangs. The fact that gangs are embedded in an intricate structure of both positive (ally) and negative (rivalry) relationships has rarely been explored in terms of understanding the levels and the patterns of gang violence....

This note provides an extension of the Fend-Feichtinger-Tragler dynamic game of offending and law enforcement to a stochastic framework. This allows the analysis to reflect actual crime statistics which displays randomness in its distribution. Stochastic paths of crimes are derived. The asymptotic stationary distribution of crime records is also obtained.

This Bulletin describes the extent and characteristics of juvenile arrests. It provides arrest rates for violent and property crimes, drug and weapon offenses, and violations of alcohol, curfew, and loitering laws. Arrests and arrest trends for males and females and for diverse racial groups are compared. The Bulletin also details the characteristics of the victims and the perpetrators of homic...

Law enforcement is not a task usually undertaken by military forces, at least within domestic legal contexts. Conversely, maintaining or restoring security within dysfunctional or ‘post-conflict’ areas of operation is a role commonly undertaken by them. Within these latter operations, the skill sets and highly calibrated application of force that are commonly associated with police forces in th...

This research builds on three decades of effort to produce national estimates of the amount and rate of force used by law enforcement officers in the United States. Prior efforts to produce national estimates have suffered from poor and inconsistent measurements of force, small and unrepresentative samples, low survey and/or item response rates, and disparate reporting of rates of force. The pr...

T he above quote provides a backdrop for the importance to law enforcement of comprehensive and integrated databases, such as the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). The NVDRS can aid law enforcement’s efforts to design community level interventions, thereby ultimately reducing crime. Similarly the NVDRS can aid in the development and implementation of strategies to prevent injury ...