Lead-acid batteries are widely used in the conventional cars as a main electrical energy storage system to supply power for following start. In this paper, efficacy of lead was evaluated and compared against ultra-capacitors alternative battery designs via simulation-based model complete process. Specifically, several parameters were assessed such weight reliability. The results confirm consist...

• Components of Photochemical Smog • Why High Levels of Ozone in the Air are Undesirable Antioxidants in the Lungs Ozone as an Oxidizing Agent • Automobile Emissions Increase Ozone Concentrations Incomplete Combustion of Gasoline Produces Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons (VOC) Combustion at High Temperatures Produces NO VOC, NO and Sunlight Result in Ozone Formation • Reducing Nitrogen Oxides and ...

Searching for a better efficiency, an auxiliary energy system for electric vehicles was designed, implemented and tested. The system, composed of an ultracapacitor bank and a buckboost converter, was installed in an electric vehicle, which is powered by a lead-acid battery pack and a 54 kW brushless DC motor. Two control strategies where developed: one based on heuristics and the other based on...