A great deal of research has examined behavioral performance changes associated with second language learning. But what changes are taking place in the brain as learning progresses? How can we identify differences in brain changes that reflect successes of learning? To answer these questions, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to examine the neural activities asso...

The purpose of this study was to integrate mobile communication technologies and a global positioning system (GPS) to construct an instant, convenient report of the mobile network service system named the Mobile Traffic Violation Reporting System (MTVRS), to improve learners’ traffic violation reflection level. Data were collected using a ‘‘usefulness of mobile learning systems” questionnaire a...

the process of globalization entails the acquisition of a construct, cultural intelligence, with which efl students can function appropriately in intercultural situations. this study was, first, intended to find the relationship between cultural intelligence and the use of expressions of gratitude by iranian efl learners. second, it sought to determine whether there were any significant differe...

In this paper, we propose a multi-agent approach to building more Cooperative Intelligent Distance Learning Environments (CIDLE). We define a Confidence Agent in Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) in such a way that an ITS would improve the quality and efficiency of its teaching. To achieve this goal, we propose a Confidence Intelligent Tutoring System (CITS) to manage negotiations within a comm...

This article presents the characteristics of using a tangible tabletop environment produced by augmented reality (AR), aimed at improving the environment in which learners observe three-dimensional molecular structures. The authors perform two evaluation experiments. A performance test for a user interface demonstrates that learners with a tangible AR environment were able to complete the task ...

This paper focuses on linguistic minority (LM) students who come from households where a language other than English is spoken. In particular, it examines the amount and type of resources English learners (ELs)—those LM students who are not yet proficient in English— need in order to have the opportunity to meet the same achievement standards as other students. This report addresses the followi...

Learners can experience content disorientation in web based learning modules. The security injection modules developed by Towson University have increased students’ secure coding awareness and ability to apply secure coding principles but feedback from instructors indicates that students tend to skim or skip the module contents and proceed directly to the laboratory assignment. In this paper, w...

English is a compulsory subject in many secondary EFL classrooms; thus the questions that arise for teachers are how to motivate learners in general and how to help them come to appreciate the value of English learning activities in particular. This article is based on the premise that learners benefit not only from becoming intrinsically motivated in what they do, but also when they feel respo...

Education as a field where social relations are played out immediately raises concerns regarding the sources of power which regulate the ways in which knowledge is introduced and managed. Questions thus arise regarding the criteria by which decisions are made regarding the teaching/learning objectives and the means for their achievement. Which understandings, or reference contexts, are mobilise...