A normative theory of legal issues, argument moves and clear cases is presented in which abduction, rather than deduction, is of central importance. The theory is a re nement of Fiedler's constructive view of legal reasoning. Like legal positivism, the theory elaborates the concept of a clear case, but here clearness is de ned relative to a set of competing interpretations of the law, rather th...

The worldwide AIDS epidemic has posed an extraordinary array of ethical and legal challenges. The work presented here reviews three issues at the heart of the matter: discrimination against HIV-infected people, the limits of confidentiality, and the exercise of coercive government powers to limit spread of the disease. Because the authors are most familiar with the U.S. experience, the review d...

In most western countries, there is a 'human organ shortage' with waiting lists for the performance of transplantation. In a recent report of the UNOS Ethics Committee it is stated that there are approximately 31,000 potential recipients on waiting lists, but only one fourth of potential donors give their specific consent. Xenotransplantation--defined as the transplantation of animal cells, tis...

JAVMA, Vol 230, No. 3, February 1, 2007 T American Veterinary Medical Law Association (AVMLA) is a national association of attorneys, veterinarians, other individuals, and organizations with an interest in veterinary medical law. Incorporated in 1994, the AVMLA strives to provide information to its members regarding pertinent issues in the field of veterinary medical law and increase public awa...

In medicine, there are various divisions and professions. One of these is medical technology. Medical technology is the exercise of scientific and technical functions in medical laboratories. This can also be referred to as biomedical science. Medical technologists used various products in the diagnosis and disease treatment. This involves the preparation and analysis of body tissues, fluids an...

Steganography has long been regarded as a tool used for illicit and destructive purposes such as crime and warfare. Currently, digital tools are widely available to ordinary computer users also. Steganography software allows both illicit and legitimate users to hide messages so that they will not be detected in transit. This article provides a brief history of steganography, discusses the curre...

Multiple pregnancy is increasingly considered a complication of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian stimulation for natural fertilization. Harms to fetuses, newborn and older children, mothers, families, and healthcare systems are encouraging single embryo transfer. When patients knowingly accept multiple pregnancy risks from IVF or ovarian stimulation, they are unlikely to succeed in liti...

Chem-Bioinformatic models connect the chemical structure of drugs and/or targets (protein, gen, RNA, microorganism, tissue, disease...) with drug biological activity over this target. On the other hand, a systematic judicial framework is needed to provide appropriate and relevant guidance for addressing various computing techniques as applied to scientific research in biosciences frontiers. Thi...