Anterior subluxation (hyperflexion sprain) is localized, purely ligamentous disruption of the cervical spine caused by a limited flexion force. When associated with a simple wedge fraction, also a flexion injury, anterior subluxation may be the more significant lesion. Radiographically, anterior subluxation is characterised by (1) a localized kyphotic angulation at the level of injury; (2) ante...

We present a literature review of current approaches to craniocervical traumatic injuries. In an attempt to categorize the injuries that involve the upper cervical spine, we divide the injuries into two groups: (1) injuries affecting mainly bone structures and (2) predominantly ligamentous injury. This division is based on the principle that bone injuries have the potential to heal with conserv...

The inframammary fold is a defining element in the shape and structure of the female breast. It should be preserved whenever possible in ablative procedures and recreated accurately when the breast is reconstructed after mastectomy. To date, no accurate anatomic description of this essential structure exists. Previous studies have suggested that the fold is produced by a supporting ligament run...

BACKGROUND Disruption of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common ligamentous injury of the knee. The choice of graft for (ACL) reconstruction remains controversial. This prospective, randomized clinical trial aimed to compare clinical results of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) grafts and four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis (ST) grafts for ACL reconstruction over a 3-year follow-up interva...

Unlike anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, disability from isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury varies from no interference with life style to severe impairment of daily activities. Therefore, management of isolated PCL injuries remains controversial. High-energy vehicular accidents often cause more-serious PCL injuries, while less-severe injuries result from low-energy trauma...

BACKGROUND Meniscal repair in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has demonstrated superior outcomes compared with isolated meniscal repair. Limited evidence exists for the effects of biological augmentation in isolated meniscal repair, particularly as compared with meniscal repair with concomitant ACL reconstruction. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was ...

Injury to the proximal tibiofibular joint is uncommon. Previous studies regarding the anatomy of this region have predominantly focused on joint orientation. As radiographic technology has advanced, later studies have attempted to evaluate the capsular anatomy. However, no reports specifically map the ligaments to this joint. The objectives of the current study were to define specific ligamento...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the latest trends and demographics of surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) insufficiency in the United States. Patients who underwent surgical treatment of PCL insufficiency from 2007 to 2011 were identified by searching the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes and Current Procedural...

While Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become a routine diagnostic method to deal with pathology of the knee, little has been published about foot and ankle lesions. This is probably due to the anatomic complexity of bone and ligamentous structures of these small joints, necessitating the use of very thin slices from various orientation planes (orthogonal and oblique planes). A special tech...

The purpose of this study was to report the outcome of 'isolated' anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures treated with anatomical endoscopic reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft at a mean of 15 years (14.25 to 16.9). A total of 100 consecutive men and 100 consecutive women with 'isolated' ACL rupture underwent four-strand hamstring tendon reconstruction with anteromedial portal fem...