The prelimbic cortex and amygdala regulate the extinction of conditioned fear and anxiety, respectively. In adult rats, chronic stress affects the dendritic morphology of these brain areas, slowing extinction of learned fear and enhancing anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine whether rats subjected to chronic stress in adolescence show changes in learned fear, anxiety, and synaptic tr...

All ground-based astronomical observational data include effects of the Earth’s atmosphere, which is a wavelength dependent, spatially and temporally non-stationary optical medium. The atmosphere creates two different physical types of observational effects: it absorbs and scatters light in a wavelength dependent manner, and it blurs images by turbulence-induced refractive wave front perturbati...

Sleep-like behavior has been studied in honeybees before but the possibility of sleep related memory processes had not been explored. We here describe a new technique which allowed us to not only investigate sleep parameters but also to manipulate bees to perform learning tasks. Restrained bees were placed under a web camera and their antennal activities, which we used as indicators of sleep, w...

The superimposed pair of spiral galaxies comprising NGC 3314 ooers a unique opportunity to trace the dust properties in a spiral galaxy. We analyze multicolor HST imaging, supported by ground-based near-IR imaging and ber-array spectroscopy to measure dust extinction in the foreground Sc galaxy NGC 3314A, which is backlit by the Sb system NGC 3314B. The superposition allows us to measure extinc...

We propose an ultracompact high-efficiency polarizing beam splitter that operates over a wide wavelength range and is based on a hybrid photonic crystal and a conventional waveguide structure. Within a small area (15 microm x 10 microm), this polarizing beam splitter separates TM- and TE-polarized modes into orthogonal output waveguides. Results of simulations with the two-dimensional finite-di...

A way to increase the photocurrent of top-cell is crucial for current-matched and highly-efficient GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells. Herein, we demonstrate that ellipsoidal silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with better extinction performance and lower fabrication temperature can enhance the light harvest of GaInP/GaInAs/Ge solar cells compared with that of spherical Ag NPs. In this metho...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients display pervasive fear memories, expressed indiscriminately. Proposed mechanisms include enhanced fear learning and impaired extinction or extinction recall. Documented extinction recall deficits and failure to use safety signals could result from general failure to use contextual information, a hippocampus-dependent process. This can be probed by ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients display pervasive fear memories, expressed indiscriminately. Proposed mechanisms include enhanced fear learning and impaired extinction or extinction recall. Documented extinction recall deficits and failure to use safety signals could result from general failure to use contextual information, a hippocampus-dependent process. This can be probed by ...

a detailed study of ostracoda changes against the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen acrossthe cenomanian-turonian boundary mass extinction has been fully documented in one section, the south ofengland. this section comprises the uppermost cenomanian to lowermost turonian strata. the comparisonbetween the results obtained in this research and two rival models for the cenomanian-turonian bound...

Brillouin microscopy has recently emerged as a powerful technique to characterize the mechanical properties of biological tissue, cell, and biomaterials. However, the potential of Brillouin microscopy is currently limited to transparent samples, because Brillouin spectrometers do not have sufficient spectral extinction to reject the predominant non-Brillouin scattered light of turbid media. To ...