Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a widely used machine learning approach for estimating low-cycle fatigue parameters. ANN structure has its parameters such as hidden layers, neurons, activation functions, training and so forth, these have significant influence over the results. Three layer combinations, neurons ranging from 1 to 25, different functions like hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tans...

The floor plate (FP), a signaling center and a structure rich in radial glia-like cells, has been traditionally thought to be devoid of neurons and neuronal progenitors. However, in the midbrain, the FP contains neurons of the dopaminergic (DA) lineage that require contact with radial glia-like cells for their induction. We, therefore, decided to explore the interaction relationship between rad...

The vast majority of the pallidal neurons of the hamster, pigeon, caiman and turtle basal telencephalon were positively labeled by an antiserum against LANT-6, a neurotensin-like hexapeptide. In sharks also, LANT-6-positive neurons were observed in the apparent equivalent of the globus pallidus. These results, which imply the coexistence of a LANT-6-like peptide with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GA...

Two morphologically distinct types of preganglionic endings are observed in the avian ciliary ganglion: boutonal and cap-like. Boutonal endings synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons (called choroidal neurons) innervating choroidal blood vessels, while cap-like endings synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons (called ciliary neurons) controlling the lens and pupil. Some of both types of preganglionic e...

Orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and adjacent perifornical area (LH/PFA) innervate midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that project to corticolimbic sites and subserve psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity. However, it is not known whether dopamine neurons in turn regulate the activity of orexin cells. We examined the ability of dopamine agonists to activate orexin neurons ...

Abstract Parkinson’s disease is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from midbrain. Epidemiological studies have implicated exposures to environmental toxins like herbicide paraquat as major contributors etiology in both mammalian and invertebrate models. We employed a paraquat-induced model Drosophila inexpensive vivo platfo...

Abstract Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) neurons that synthesize corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) drive binge alcohol drinking and anxiety. Here, we found female C57BL/6J mice drink more than males have greater basal BNST CRF neuron excitability synaptic excitation. We identified a dense VGLUT2 + input from paraventricular thalamus (PVT) releases glutamate directly onto but also ...

We propose a mathematical model for the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease based on transport diffusion equations. treat brain neurons as continuous medium structure them by their degree malfunctioning. Three different mechanisms are assumed to be relevant temporal evolution disease: i) agglomeration soluble Amyloid beta, ii) effects phosphorylated tau protein iii) neuron-to-neuron pr...

In this study, we present 84 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of human brainstem tissue from 11 cases late onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). The tissues were fixed, embedded, sectioned, and stained for TEM application. In addition, 14 autopsy specimens 1 case poliomyelitis infection as positive controls 8 other conditions negative controls. the PD there cytoplasmic inclusion b...

results the results showed that bbb test showed an improvement in the cr, while the quantitative analysis showed that the improvement rate was higher in the rats treated with cnl than those treated with bmscs only or the untreated animals, similar results were noticed in the improvement index. immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue section prepared from the cr showed that the transplanted c...