The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in governing cell behavior and phenotype during limb skeletogenesis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (Cspgs) are highly expressed in the ECM of precartilage mesenchymal condensations and are important to limb chondrogenesis and cartilage structure, but little is known regarding their involvement in formation of synovial joints in the embryo...

The goal of this study was to develop a finite element (FE) lower limb model that can be used for direct and accurate injury prediction. Threedimensional geometry of the lower limb bones and knee ligaments was determined from MRI scans of a human volunteer for an accurate geometry reconstruction. In order to address various loading conditions in car-pedestrian accidents, the dynamic response of...

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in governing cell behavior and phenotype during limb skeletogenesis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (Cspgs) are highly expressed in the ECM of precartilage mesenchymal condensations and are important to limb chondrogenesis and cartilage structure, but little is known regarding their involvement in formation of synovial joints in the embryo...

The purpose of this study is to calculate the ratios of fetal limb bone to nasal bone length (NBL) obtained by transabdominal ultrasound between 19 and 28 weeks of gestation. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1408 women with singleton pregnancies who underwent an advanced prenatal ultrasound examination from August 2006 to September 2008. The single measurement plane of fetal limb bones w...

Dynamic modeling of osteoarticular system is necessary because the exertion of various actions and natural physiological movements are essentially dynamic. The wide mobility of human body leads to the necessity of modeling the osteoarticular system as a mechanism with a large number of degrees of freedom. The differential equations system obtained are very complex and assume numerical integrati...