Case presentation A 30-year-old multigravid woman referred to maternal fetal unit due to polyhydramnios at 28th week of gestation. Sonographic examination revealed a single fetus and polyhydramnios with amniotic fluid index 30 cm. The fetus had normal apparent single head, spine, thorax, abdomen, two upper and two lower limbs, and two relatively well developed rudimentary parasitic lower limbs ...

Limbs. By E. Cotterell, M.R.C.S. Pp. 108. London: H. K. Lewis. 1885. We have nothing but good to say of this little work. It gives thoroughly trustworthy accounts of the common minor injuries to limbs, with exceedingly sensible remarks on the best modes of treating these. The common and pernicious habit of over-resting joints after injury is pointed out and condemned, and clear instructions are...

The earliest tetrapod limbs are polydactylous, morphologically varied and do not conform to an archetypal pattern. These discoveries, combined with the unravelling of limb developmental morphogenetic and regulatory mechanisms, have prompted a re-examination of vertebrate limb evolution. The rich fossil record of vertebrate fins/limbs, although restricted to skeletal tissues, exceeds the morphol...

Arterial embolisms in the lower limbs occur frequently, and are of great interest to the vascular surgeon. The authors studied 159 cases of arterial embolisms in lower limbs from January 1991 to July 1993. Ages varied from 12 to 98, with a mean of 58. Eighty patients were male and 78 were female. In most cases, etiology of the embolus was well-established, and mainly caused (78 percent) by atri...

Generic interfaces to robot hardware can improve the programming process by making it easier for developers to port applications between different robotic systems. The Player project provides abstract interfaces to aide porting, but until recently did not have any direct support for robotic limbs. This paper describes the design and implementation of three new generic interfaces for robotic lim...

The study of phantom limbs has received tremendous impetus from recent studies linking changes in cortical topography with perceptual experience. Systematic psychophysical testing and functional imaging studies on patients with phantom limbs provide 2 unique opportunities. First, they allow us to demonstrate neural plasticity in the adult human brain. Second, by tracking perceptual changes (suc...

These patients have suffered complete disconnection of the upper limb from the brain and spinal cord. Restoration of function involves reinnervation of muscles for control of the shoulder, the elbow and of the hand. The preponderance of root avulsions implies that there is a serious deficiency of donor nerves. Traditional nerve transfers using the spinal accessory nerve and the phrenic or the i...

Schwannomas are the commonest tumours of peripheral nerves. Despite the classical description that schwannomas are well encapsulated and can be completely enucleated during excision, a portion of them have fascicular involvement and could not be completely shelled out. A retrospective review for 8 patients was carried out over 10 years. 75% of schwannoma occurred over the distal region of upper...