an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission (Miller et al., 1999; Van Hoomissen et al., 2004; Landry et al., 2005; Hobson et al., 2006). Gal is co-localized with norepinephrine (NE) in several regions of the brain, such as locus coeruleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, cortex and hippocampus (Hokfelt et al., 1998; Kozicz, 2001; Xu et al., 2001; Ho...

By means of extracellular recordings, individual norepinephrine-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus of unanesthetized behaviorally responsive rats and squirrel monkeys were found to respond to specific sensory and behavioral conditions. In rats, distinct clusters of action potentials followed the presentation of various nonnoxious auditory, visual, or somatosensory stimuli at latencies of...

introduction: estradiol is a neuroactive steroid, which is found in several brain areas such as locus coeruleus (lc). estradiol modulates nociception by binding to its receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membranebound receptors like glutamate and gabaa receptors. lc is involved in noradrenergic descending pain modulation. methods: in order to study the effect of 17β-estradio...

introduction: the aim of this study was to assess the effect of ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase iiα (camkiiα) inhibitor (kn-93) injection into the locus coeruleus (lc) on the modulation of withdrawal signs. we also sought to study the effect of chronic morphine administration on camkiiα activity in the rat lc. methods: the research was based on behavioral and molecular studies. in the behavior...